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Zstandard
Original author(s)Yann Collet
Developer(s)Yann Collet, Nick Terrell, Przemys?aw Skibiński[1]
Initial release23 January 2015 (2025-08-14)
Stable release
1.5.7[2] Edit this on Wikidata / 20 February 2025; 5 months ago (20 February 2025)
Repository
Written inC
Operating systemCross-platform
PlatformPortable
TypeData compression
LicenseBSD-3-Clause or GPL-2.0-or-later (dual-licensed)
Websitefacebook.github.io/zstd/ Edit this on Wikidata

Zstandard is a lossless data compression algorithm developed by Yann Collet at Facebook. Zstd is the corresponding reference implementation in C, released as open-source software on 31 August 2016.[3][4]

The algorithm was published in 2018 as RFC 8478, which also defines an associated media type "application/zstd", filename extension "zst", and HTTP content encoding "zstd".[5]

Features

[edit]

Zstandard was designed to give a compression ratio comparable to that of the DEFLATE algorithm (developed in 1991 and used in the original ZIP and gzip programs), but faster, especially for decompression. It is tunable with compression levels ranging from negative 7 (fastest)[6] to 22 (slowest in compression speed, but best compression ratio).

Starting from version 1.3.2 (October 2017), zstd optionally implements very-long-range search and deduplication (--long, 128 MiB window) similar to rzip or lrzip.[7]

Compression speed can vary by a factor of 20 or more between the fastest and slowest levels, while decompression is uniformly fast, varying by less than 20% between the fastest and slowest levels.[8] The Zstandard command-line has an "adaptive" (--adapt) mode that varies compression level depending on I/O conditions, mainly how fast it can write the output.

Zstd at its maximum compression level gives a compression ratio close to lzma, lzham, and ppmx, and performs better[vague] than lza or bzip2.[improper synthesis?][9][10] Zstandard reaches the current Pareto frontier, as it decompresses faster than any other currently available algorithm with similar or better compression ratio.[as of?][11][12]

Dictionaries can have a large impact on the compression ratio of small files, so Zstandard can use a user-provided compression dictionary. It also offers a training mode, able to generate a dictionary from a set of samples.[13][14] In particular, one dictionary can be loaded to process large sets of files with redundancy between files, but not necessarily within each file, such as for log files.

Design

[edit]

Zstandard combines a dictionary-matching stage (LZ77) with a large search window and a fast entropy-coding stage. It uses both Huffman coding (used for entries in the Literals section)[15] and finite-state entropy (FSE) –a fast tabled version of ANS, tANS, used for entries in the Sequences section. Because of the manner in which FSE carries over state between symbols, decompression involves processing symbols within the Sequences section of each block in reverse order (from last to first).

Usage

[edit]
Zstandard
Filename extension
.zst[16]
Internet media type
application/zstd[16]
Magic number28 b5 2f fd[16]
Type of formatData compression
StandardRFC 8878
Websitegithub.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/doc/zstd_compression_format.md
Zstandard Dictionary
Internet media typeapplication/zstd
Magic number37 a4 30 ec[16]
StandardRFC 8878
Websitegithub.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/doc/zstd_compression_format.md#dictionary-format

The Linux kernel has included Zstandard since November 2017 (version 4.14) as a compression method for the btrfs and squashfs filesystems.[17][18][19]

In 2017, Allan Jude integrated Zstandard into the FreeBSD kernel,[20] and it was subsequently integrated as a compressor option for core dumps (both user programs and kernel panics). It was also used to create a proof-of-concept OpenZFS compression method[8] which was integrated in 2020.[21]

The AWS Redshift and RocksDB databases include support for field compression using Zstandard.[22]

In March 2018, Canonical tested[23] the use of zstd as a deb package compression method by default for the Ubuntu Linux distribution. Compared with xz compression of deb packages, zstd at level 19 decompresses significantly faster, but at the cost of 6% larger package files. Support was added to Debian (and subsequently, Ubuntu) in April 2018 (in version 1.6~rc1).[24][23][25]

Fedora added ZStandard support to RPM in May 2018 (Fedora release 28) and used it for packaging the release in October 2019 (Fedora 31).[26] In Fedora 33, the filesystem is compressed by default with zstd.[27][28]

Arch Linux added support for zstd as a package compression method in October 2019 with the release of the pacman 5.2 package manager[29] and in January 2020 switched from xz to zstd for the packages in the official repository. Arch uses zstd -c -T0 --ultra -20 -; the size of all compressed packages combined increased by 0.8% (compared to xz), the decompression speed is 14 times faster, decompression memory increased by 50 MiB when using multiple threads, and compression memory increased but scales with the number of threads used.[30][31][32] Arch Linux later also switched to zstd as the default compression algorithm for mkinitcpio initial ramdisk generator.[33]

A full implementation of the algorithm with an option to choose the compression level is used in the .NSZ/.XCZ[34] file formats developed by the homebrew community for the Nintendo Switch hybrid game console.[35] It is also one of many supported compression algorithms in the .RVZ Wii and GameCube disc image file format.

On 15 June 2020, Zstandard was implemented in version 6.3.8 of the zip file format with codec number 93, deprecating the previous codec number of 20 as it was implemented in version 6.3.7, released on 1 June.[36][37]

In March 2024, Google Chrome version 123 (and Chromium-based browsers such as Brave or Microsoft Edge) added zstd support in the HTTP header Content-Encoding.[38] In May 2024, Firefox release 126.0 added zstd support in the HTTP header Content-Encoding.[39]

License

[edit]

The reference implementation is licensed under the BSD license, published at GitHub.[40] Since version 1.0, published 31 August 2016,[41] it had an additional Grant of Patent Rights.[42]

From version 1.3.1, released 20 August 2017,[43] this patent grant was dropped and the license was changed to a BSD + GPLv2 dual license.[44]

See also

[edit]
  • LZ4 (compression algorithm) – a fast member of the LZ77 family
  • LZFSE – a similar algorithm by Apple used since iOS 9 and OS X 10.11 and made open source on 1 June 2016
  • Zlib
  • Brotli – also integrated into browsers

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Contributors to facebook/zstd". github.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Release Zstandard v1.5.7". Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  3. ^ Sergio De Simone (2 September 2016). "Facebook Open-Sources New Compression Algorithm Outperforming Zlib". InfoQ. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  4. ^ "Life imitates satire: Facebook touts zlib killer just like Silicon Valley's Pied Piper". The Register. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  5. ^ Collet, Yann (October 2018). Kucherawy, Murray S. (ed.). Zstandard Compression and the application/zstd Media Type. Internet Engineering Task Force Request for Comments. doi:10.17487/RFC8478. RFC 8478. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  6. ^ "Release Zstandard v1.3.4 - faster everything · facebook/zstd". GitHub. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  7. ^ "Command Line Interface for Zstandard library". GitHub. 28 October 2021.
  8. ^ a b "ZStandard in ZFS" (PDF). open-zfs.org. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  9. ^ Matt Mahoney. "Silesia Open Source Compression Benchmark". Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  10. ^ Matt Mahoney (29 August 2016). "Large Text Compression Benchmark, .2157 zstd". Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  11. ^ TurboBench: Static/Dynamic web content compression benchmark, PowTurbo, archived from the original on 17 March 2022, retrieved 21 March 2018
  12. ^ Matt Mahoney, Silesia Open Source Compression Benchmark, archived from the original on 21 January 2022, retrieved 5 April 2018
  13. ^ "Facebook developers report massive speedups and compression ratio improvements when using dictionaries" (PDF). Fermilab. 11 October 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Smaller and faster data compression with Zstandard". Facebook. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  15. ^ "facebook/zstd". GitHub. 28 October 2021.
  16. ^ a b c d Collet, Yann (February 2021). Kucherawy, Murray S. (ed.). Zstandard Compression and the application/zstd Media Type. Internet Engineering Task Force Request for Comments. doi:10.17487/RFC8878. RFC 8878. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  17. ^ Corbet, Jonathan (17 September 2017). "The rest of the 4.14 merge window [LWN.net]". lwn.net. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  18. ^ "Linux_4.14 - Linux Kernel Newbies". Kernelnewbies.org. 30 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  19. ^ Larabel, Michael (8 September 2017). "Zstd Compression For Btrfs & Squashfs Set For Linux 4.14, Already Used Within Facebook - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  20. ^ "Integrate ZSTD into the kernel · freebsd/Freebsd-SRC@28ef165". GitHub.
  21. ^ "Add ZSTD support to ZFS · openzfs/ZFS@10b3c7f". GitHub. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  22. ^ "Zstandard Encoding - Amazon Redshift". 20 April 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  23. ^ a b Larabel, Michael (12 March 2018). "Canonical Working On Zstd-Compressed Debian Packages For Ubuntu". phoronix.com. Phoronix Media. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2019. The developers at Canonical are considering a feature freeze exception to get this newly-developed Zstd Apt/Dpkg support in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. In doing so, they mention they would be looking at enabling Zstd compression for packages by default in Ubuntu 18.10.
  24. ^ "New Ubuntu Installs Could Be Speed Up by 10% with the Zstd Compression Algorithm". Softpedia. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  25. ^ "Debian Changelog for apt". Debian. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  26. ^ "Changes/Switch RPMS to ZSTD compression". Fedora Project Wiki. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  27. ^ "Fedora Workstation 34 feature focus: Btrfs transparent compression". Fedora Magazine. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  28. ^ "Changes/BtrfsTransparentCompression". Fedora Project Wiki. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  29. ^ Larabel, Michael (16 October 2019). "Arch Linux Nears Roll-Out of ZSTD Compressed Packages for Faster Pacman Installs". Phoronix. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  30. ^ Broda, Mara (4 January 2020). "Now using Zstandard instead of xz for package compression". Arch Linux. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  31. ^ Broda, Mara (25 March 2019). "RFC: (devtools) Changing default compression method to zstd". arch-dev-public (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  32. ^ Broda, Mara; Polyak, Levente (27 December 2019). "makepkg.conf: change default compression method to zstd". GitHub.
  33. ^ Razzolini, Giancarlo (19 February 2021). "News: Moving to Zstandard images by default on mkinitcpio". Arch Linux. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  34. ^ "RELEASE - nsZip - NSP compressor/decompressor to reduce storage". GBAtemp.net - The Independent Video Game Community. 20 October 2019. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  35. ^ Bosshard, Nico (31 October 2019), nsZip is a tool to compress/decompress Nintendo Switch games using the here specified NSZ file format: nicoboss/nsZip, archived from the original on 27 March 2022, retrieved 3 November 2019
  36. ^ APPNOTE.TXT - .ZIP File Format Specification Version: 6.3.8, 15 June 2020, retrieved 7 July 2020
  37. ^ APPNOTE.TXT - .ZIP File Format Specification Version: 6.3.7, 1 June 2020, retrieved 6 June 2020
  38. ^ "New in Chrome 123 | Chrome Blog". Chrome for Developers. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  39. ^ "Firefox 126.0, See All New Features, Updates and Fixes". Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  40. ^ "Facebook open sources Zstandard data compression algorithm, aims to replace technology behind Zip". ZDnet. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  41. ^ "Zstandard v1.0". GitHub. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2025.
  42. ^ "v1.3.0/PATENTS · facebook/zstd". GitHub. 30 August 2016. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  43. ^ "Release Zstandard v1.3.1 · facebook/zstd". GitHub. 20 August 2017. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  44. ^ "New license by Cyan4973 · Pull Request #801 · facebook/zstd". GitHub. 19 August 2017. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
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