Classical Kuiper belt object

The orbits of various cubewanos compared to the orbit of Neptune (blue) and Pluto (pink)

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A classical Kuiper belt object, also called a cubewano (/?kju?bi??w?no?/ "QB1-o"),^[a] is a low-eccentricity Kuiper belt object (KBO) that orbits beyond Neptune and is not controlled by an orbital resonance with Neptune. Cubewanos have orbits with semi-major axes in the 40–50 AU range and, unlike Pluto, do not cross Neptune's orbit. That is, they have low-eccentricity and sometimes low-inclination orbits like the classical planets.

The name "cubewano" derives from the first trans-Neptunian object (TNO) found after Pluto and Charon: 15760 Albion, which until January 2018 had only the provisional designation (15760) 1992 QB₁.^[2] Similar objects found later were often called "QB1-os", or "cubewanos", after this object, though the term "classical" is much more frequently used in the scientific literature.

Objects identified as cubewanos include:

15760 Albion^[3] (aka 1992 QB₁ and gave rise to the term "Cubewano")
136472 Makemake, a dwarf planet^[3]
50000 Quaoar and 20000 Varuna, each considered the largest TNO at the time of discovery^[3]
19521 Chaos, 58534 Logos, 53311 Deucalion, 66652 Borasisi, 88611 Teharonhiawako
(33001) 1997 CU29, (55636) 2002 TX300, 55565 Aya, (55637) 2002 UX25
486958 Arrokoth

136108 Haumea was provisionally listed as a cubewano by the Minor Planet Center in 2006,^[4] but was later found to be in a resonant orbit.^[3]

Orbits 'hot' and 'cold' populations

There are two basic dynamical classes of classical Kuiper-belt bodies: those with relatively unperturbed ('cold') orbits, and those with markedly perturbed ('hot') orbits.

Most cubewanos are found between the 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune (populated by plutinos) and the 1:2 resonance. 50000 Quaoar, for example, has a near-circular orbit close to the ecliptic. Plutinos, on the other hand, have more eccentric orbits bringing some of them closer to the Sun than Neptune.

The majority of classical objects, the so-called cold population, have low inclinations (< 5°) and near-circular orbits, lying between 42 and 47 AU. A smaller population (the hot population) is characterised by highly inclined, more eccentric orbits.^[5] The terms 'hot' and 'cold' has nothing to do with surface or internal temperatures, but rather refer to the orbits of the objects, by analogy to molecules in a gas, which increase their relative velocity as they heat up.^[6]

The Deep Ecliptic Survey reports the distributions of the two populations; one with the inclination centered at 4.6° (named Core) and another with inclinations extending beyond 30° (Halo).^[7]

Distribution

The vast majority of KBOs (more than two-thirds) have inclinations of less than 5° and eccentricities of less than 0.1 . Their semi-major axes show a preference for the middle of the main belt; arguably, smaller objects close to the limiting resonances have been either captured into resonance or have their orbits modified by Neptune.

The 'hot' and 'cold' populations are strikingly different: more than 30% of all cubewanos are in low inclination, near-circular orbits. The parameters of the plutinos’ orbits are more evenly distributed, with a local maximum in moderate eccentricities in 0.15–0.2 range, and low inclinations 5–10°. See also the comparison with scattered disk objects.

Cubewanos form a clear 'belt' outside Neptune's orbit, whereas the plutinos approach, or even cross Neptune's orbit. When orbital inclinations are compared, 'hot' cubewanos can be easily distinguished by their higher inclinations, as the plutinos typically keep orbits <20°. The high inclination of 'hot' cubewanos has not been explained.^[8]

Left: TNO distribution of cubewanos (blue), resonant TNOs (red), SDOs (grey) and sednoids (yellow). Right: Comparison of the aligned orbits (polar and ecliptic view) of cubewanos, plutinos, and Neptune (yellow).

Cold and hot populations: physical characteristics

In addition to the distinct orbital characteristics, the two populations display different physical characteristics.

The difference in colour between the red cold population, such as 486958 Arrokoth, and more heterogeneous hot population was observed as early as in 2002.^[9] Recent studies, based on a larger data set, indicate the cut-off inclination of 12° (instead of 5°) between the cold and hot populations and confirm the distinction between the homogenous red cold population and the bluish hot population.^[10]

Another difference between the low-inclination (cold) and high-inclination (hot) classical objects is the observed number of binary objects. Binaries are quite common on low-inclination orbits and are typically similar-brightness systems. Binaries are less common on high-inclination orbits and their components typically differ in brightness. This correlation, together with the differences in colour, support further the suggestion that the currently observed classical objects belong to at least two different overlapping populations, with different physical properties and orbital history.^[11]

Toward a formal definition

There is no official definition of 'cubewano' or 'classical KBO'. However, the terms are normally used to refer to objects free from significant perturbation from Neptune, thereby excluding KBOs in orbital resonance with Neptune (resonant trans-Neptunian objects). The Minor Planet Center (MPC) and the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) do not list cubewanos (classical objects) using the same criteria. Many TNOs classified as cubewanos by the MPC, such as dwarf planet Makemake, are classified as ScatNear (possibly scattered by Neptune) by the DES. (119951) 2002 KX14 may be an inner cubewano near the plutinos. Furthermore, there is evidence that the Kuiper belt has an 'edge', in that an apparent lack of low-inclination objects beyond 47–49 AU was suspected as early as 1998 and shown with more data in 2001.^[12] Consequently, the traditional usage of the terms is based on the orbit's semi-major axis, and includes objects situated between the 2:3 and 1:2 resonances, that is between 39.4 and 47.8 AU (with exclusion of these resonances and the minor ones in-between).^[5]

These definitions lack precision: in particular the boundary between the classical objects and the scattered disk remains blurred. As of 2023^[update], there are 870 objects with perihelion (q) > 40 AU and aphelion (Q) < 48 AU.^[13]

DES classification

Introduced by the report from the Deep Ecliptic Survey by J. L. Elliott et al. in 2005 uses formal criteria based on the mean orbital parameters.^[7] Put informally, the definition includes the objects that have never crossed the orbit of Neptune. According to this definition, an object qualifies as a classical KBO if:

it is not resonant
its average Tisserand's parameter with respect to Neptune exceeds 3
its average eccentricity is less than 0.2.

SSBN07 classification

An alternative classification, introduced by B. Gladman, B. Marsden and C. van Laerhoven in 2007, uses a 10-million-year orbit integration instead of the Tisserand's parameter. Classical objects are defined as not resonant and not being currently scattered by Neptune.^[14]

Formally, this definition includes as classical all objects with their current orbits that

are non-resonant (see the definition of the method)
have a semi-major axis greater than that of Neptune (30.1 AU; i.e. excluding centaurs) but less than 2000 AU (to exclude inner-Oort-cloud objects)
are not being scattered by Neptune
have their eccentricity $e<0.240$ (to exclude detached objects)

Unlike other schemes, this definition includes the objects with major semi-axis less than 39.4 AU (2:3 resonance)—termed inner classical belt, or more than 48.7 (1:2 resonance) – termed outer classical belt, and reserves the term main classical belt for the orbits between these two resonances.^[14]

Families

The first known collisional family in the classical Kuiper belt—a group of objects thought to be remnants from the breakup of a single body—is the Haumea family.^[15] It includes Haumea, its moons, 2002 TX300 and seven smaller bodies.^[b] The objects not only follow similar orbits but also share similar physical characteristics. Unlike many other KBO their surface contains large amounts of water ice (H₂O) and no or very little tholins.^[16] The surface composition is inferred from their neutral (as opposed to red) colour and deep absorption at 1.5 and 2. μm in infrared spectrum.^[17] Several other collisional families might reside in the classical Kuiper belt.^[18]^[19]

Exploration

As of January 2019, only one classical Kuiper belt object has been observed up close by spacecraft. Both Voyager spacecraft have passed through the region before the discovery of the Kuiper belt.^[20] New Horizons was the first mission to visit a classical KBO. After its successful exploration of the Pluto system in 2015, the NASA spacecraft has visited the small KBO 486958 Arrokoth at a distance of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi) on 1 January 2019.^[21]

List

Here is a very generic list of classical Kuiper belt objects. As of July 2023^[update], there are about 870 objects with q > 40 AU and Q < 48 AU.^[13]

Footnotes

^ Somewhat old-fashioned, but "cubewano" is still used by the Minor Planet Center for their list of Distant Minor Planets.^[1]
^ As of 2008. The four brightest objects of the family are situated on the graphs inside the circle representing Haumea.^{[clarification needed]}

References

^ "Distant Minor Planets".
^ Jewitt, David. "Classical Kuiper Belt Objects". UCLA. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brian G. Marsden (30 January 2010). "MPEC 2010-B62: Distant Minor Planets (2010 FEB. 13.0 TT)". IAU Minor Planet Center. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
^ "MPEC 2006-X45: Distant Minor Planets". IAU Minor Planet Center & Tamkin Foundation Computer Network. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
^ ^a ^b Jewitt, D.; Delsanti, A. (2006). "The Solar System Beyond The Planets" (PDF). Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences (PDF). Springer-Praxis. ISBN 978-3-540-26056-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2006.)
^ Levison, Harold F.; Morbidelli, Alessandro (2003). "The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune's migration". Nature. 426 (6965): 419–421. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..419L. doi:10.1038/nature02120. PMID 14647375. S2CID 4395099.
^ ^a ^b J. L. Elliot; et al. (2006). "The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A Search for Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs. II. Dynamical Classification, the Kuiper Belt Plane, and the Core Population". Astronomical Journal. 129 (2): 1117–1162. Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1117E. doi:10.1086/427395. ("Preprint" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2006.)
^ Jewitt, D. (2004). "Plutino". Archived from the original on 19 April 2007.
^ A. Doressoundiram; N. Peixinho; C. de Bergh; S. Fornasier; P. Thebault; M. A. Barucci; C. Veillet (October 2002). "The Color Distribution in the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (4): 2279. arXiv:astro-ph/0206468. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.2279D. doi:10.1086/342447. S2CID 30565926.
^ Peixinho, Nuno; Lacerda, Pedro; Jewitt, David (August 2008). "Color-inclination relation of the classical Kuiper belt objects". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (5): 1837. arXiv:0808.3025. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1837P. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1837. S2CID 16473299.
^ K. Noll; W. Grundy; D. Stephens; H. Levison; S. Kern (April 2008). "Evidence for two populations of classical transneptunian objects: The strong inclination dependence of classical binaries". Icarus. 194 (2): 758. arXiv:0711.1545. Bibcode:2008Icar..194..758N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.022. S2CID 336950.
^ Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Brown, Michael E. (2001). "The Radial Distribution of the Kuiper Belt" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 554 (1): L95 – L98. Bibcode:2001ApJ...554L..95T. doi:10.1086/320917. S2CID 7982844. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2006.
^ ^a ^b "q > 40 AU and Q < 48 AU". IAU Minor Planet Center. minorplanetcenter.net. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ ^a ^b Gladman, B. J.; Marsden, B.; van Laerhoven, C. (2008). "Nomenclature in the Outer Solar System" (PDF). In Barucci, M. A.; et al. (eds.). The Solar System Beyond Neptune. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2755-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-08-14.
^ Brown, Michael E.; Barkume, Kristina M.; Ragozzine, Darin; Schaller, Emily L. (2007). "A collisional family of icy objects in the Kuiper belt" (PDF). Nature. 446 (7133): 294–6. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..294B. doi:10.1038/nature05619. PMID 17361177. S2CID 4430027. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-08-14.
^ Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Brunetto, R.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Roush, T. L.; Strazzulla, G. (2009). "The surface of (136108) Haumea (2003 EL₆₁), the largest carbon-depleted object in the trans-Neptunian belt". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 496 (2): 547. arXiv:0803.1080. Bibcode:2009A&A...496..547P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200809733. S2CID 15139257.
^ Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Brunetto, R. (2007). "The water ice rich surface of (145453) 2005 RR₄₃: a case for a carbon-depleted population of TNOs?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 468 (1): L25 – L28. arXiv:astro-ph/0703098. Bibcode:2007A&A...468L..25P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077294. S2CID 18546361.
^ Chiang, E.-I. (July 2002). "A Collisional Family in the Classical Kuiper Belt". The Astrophysical Journal. 573 (1): L65 – L68. arXiv:astro-ph/0205275. Bibcode:2002ApJ...573L..65C. doi:10.1086/342089. S2CID 18671789.
^ de la Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (11 February 2018). "Dynamically correlated minor bodies in the outer Solar system". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 474 (1): 838–846. arXiv:1710.07610. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.474..838D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2765. S2CID 73588205.
^ Stern, Alan (28 February 2018). "The PI's Perspective: Why Didn't Voyager Explore the Kuiper Belt?". Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ Lakdawalla, Emily (24 January 2018). "New Horizons prepares for encounter with 2014 MU69". Planetary Society. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

External links

Jewitt, David. "Kuiper belt site". UCLA.
"The Kuiper Belt Electronic Newsletter".
"List of Trans-Neptunian objects", IAU Minor Planet Center, minorplanetcenter.org, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, archived from the original on 27 August 2010
"TNO pages". johnstonarchive.net.
"Plot of the current positions of bodies in the Outer Solar System". IAU Minor Planet Center. minorplanetcenter.org. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

[2] Somewhat old-fashioned, but "cubewano" is still used by the Minor Planet Center for their list of Distant Minor Planets.^[1]

[17] As of 2008. The four brightest objects of the family are situated on the graphs inside the circle representing Haumea.^{[clarification needed]}

[1] "Distant Minor Planets".

[3] Jewitt, David. "Classical Kuiper Belt Objects". UCLA. Retrieved 1 July 2013.

[K10B62-4] Brian G. Marsden (30 January 2010). "MPEC 2010-B62: Distant Minor Planets (2010 FEB. 13.0 TT)". IAU Minor Planet Center. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2010.

[K06X45-5] "MPEC 2006-X45: Distant Minor Planets". IAU Minor Planet Center & Tamkin Foundation Computer Network. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2008.

[JewittDelsanti2006-6] Jewitt, D.; Delsanti, A. (2006). "The Solar System Beyond The Planets" (PDF). Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences (PDF). Springer-Praxis. ISBN 978-3-540-26056-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2006.)

[Levison2003-7] Levison, Harold F.; Morbidelli, Alessandro (2003). "The formation of the Kuiper belt by the outward transport of bodies during Neptune's migration". Nature. 426 (6965): 419–421. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..419L. doi:10.1038/nature02120. PMID 14647375. S2CID 4395099.

[DES_Elliot2006-8] J. L. Elliot; et al. (2006). "The Deep Ecliptic Survey: A Search for Kuiper Belt Objects and Centaurs. II. Dynamical Classification, the Kuiper Belt Plane, and the Core Population". Astronomical Journal. 129 (2): 1117–1162. Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1117E. doi:10.1086/427395. ("Preprint" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2006.)

[9] Jewitt, D. (2004). "Plutino". Archived from the original on 19 April 2007.

[Doressoundiram2002-10] A. Doressoundiram; N. Peixinho; C. de Bergh; S. Fornasier; P. Thebault; M. A. Barucci; C. Veillet (October 2002). "The Color Distribution in the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (4): 2279. arXiv:astro-ph/0206468. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.2279D. doi:10.1086/342447. S2CID 30565926.

[LacerdaJewitt2008-11] Peixinho, Nuno; Lacerda, Pedro; Jewitt, David (August 2008). "Color-inclination relation of the classical Kuiper belt objects". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (5): 1837. arXiv:0808.3025. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1837P. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/5/1837. S2CID 16473299.

[NollGrundy-binaries2008-12] K. Noll; W. Grundy; D. Stephens; H. Levison; S. Kern (April 2008). "Evidence for two populations of classical transneptunian objects: The strong inclination dependence of classical binaries". Icarus. 194 (2): 758. arXiv:0711.1545. Bibcode:2008Icar..194..758N. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.022. S2CID 336950.

[Trujillo_2001-13] Trujillo, Chadwick A.; Brown, Michael E. (2001). "The Radial Distribution of the Kuiper Belt" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 554 (1): L95 – L98. Bibcode:2001ApJ...554L..95T. doi:10.1086/320917. S2CID 7982844. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2006.

[MPC_list-14] "q > 40 AU and Q < 48 AU". IAU Minor Planet Center. minorplanetcenter.net. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Retrieved 31 July 2023.

[ArizonaBook_Gladman2007-15] Gladman, B. J.; Marsden, B.; van Laerhoven, C. (2008). "Nomenclature in the Outer Solar System" (PDF). In Barucci, M. A.; et al. (eds.). The Solar System Beyond Neptune. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-8165-2755-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-08-14.

[BrownBarkume2007-16] Brown, Michael E.; Barkume, Kristina M.; Ragozzine, Darin; Schaller, Emily L. (2007). "A collisional family of icy objects in the Kuiper belt" (PDF). Nature. 446 (7133): 294–6. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..294B. doi:10.1038/nature05619. PMID 17361177. S2CID 4430027. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-08-14.

[Pinilla-Alonso2009-18] Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Brunetto, R.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Roush, T. L.; Strazzulla, G. (2009). "The surface of (136108) Haumea (2003 EL₆₁), the largest carbon-depleted object in the trans-Neptunian belt". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 496 (2): 547. arXiv:0803.1080. Bibcode:2009A&A...496..547P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200809733. S2CID 15139257.

[Pinilla-Alonso2007-19] Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Licandro, J.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Brunetto, R. (2007). "The water ice rich surface of (145453) 2005 RR₄₃: a case for a carbon-depleted population of TNOs?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 468 (1): L25 – L28. arXiv:astro-ph/0703098. Bibcode:2007A&A...468L..25P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077294. S2CID 18546361.

[chiang-20] Chiang, E.-I. (July 2002). "A Collisional Family in the Classical Kuiper Belt". The Astrophysical Journal. 573 (1): L65 – L68. arXiv:astro-ph/0205275. Bibcode:2002ApJ...573L..65C. doi:10.1086/342089. S2CID 18671789.

[pairs-21] Fuente Marcos, Carlos; de la Fuente Marcos, Raúl (11 February 2018). "Dynamically correlated minor bodies in the outer Solar system". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 474 (1): 838–846. arXiv:1710.07610. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.474..838D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2765. S2CID 73588205.

[22] Stern, Alan (28 February 2018). "The PI's Perspective: Why Didn't Voyager Explore the Kuiper Belt?". Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[23] Lakdawalla, Emily (24 January 2018). "New Horizons prepares for encounter with 2014 MU69". Planetary Society. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

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