福建省2017年初级会计职称考试准考证打印时间
Japan–Syria relations were officially established in 1953.
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Japan has a long-standing history of humanitarian and development assistance to Syria, particularly during times of conflict. However, relations have been significantly impacted by the Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011.
Diplomatic relations
[edit]Formal diplomatic relations between Japan and Syria were established in December 1953.[1] Since then, Japan has maintained an embassy in Damascus,[2] and Syria has an embassy in Tokyo.[a][4] Over the decades, Japan has provided economic and technical assistance to Syria, including projects focused on infrastructure, healthcare, and education.[5]
During the 1980s, Japan increased its aid to Syria in the form of loans and grants to support Syrian economic development and agriculture. In the 1990s and early 2000s, Japan continued its development cooperation, investing in water management and healthcare improvements in Syria.[citation needed] Japan also supported Syria through United Nations programs aimed at addressing poverty and promoting sustainable development.[6]
The beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011 altered the nature of Japan’s involvement in Syria. Japan temporarily closed its embassy in Damascus in 2012 due to security concerns and has since redirected its focus toward humanitarian assistance.[7][8]
Japan has taken an impartial role in Middle Eastern conflicts. Despite Japan’s distance from the region, it has engaged diplomatically with Syria and supported various peace efforts in the Middle East,[9] including the Israel–Syria peace negotiations.[10]
Since the closure of the Japanese embassy in Damascus, Japanese diplomacy in Syria has focused on promoting peace through multilateral channels, including the United Nations and regional peace initiatives. Japan has also imposed sanctions on Syria in alignment with United Nations Security Council resolutions and other international efforts aimed at resolving the conflict.[11]
Economic relations
[edit]Prior to the Syrian Civil War, Japan and Syria engaged in moderate trade.[12] Japan exported cars, machinery, electronics, and other manufactured goods to Syria, while Syria’s exports to Japan included raw materials and agricultural products, such as cotton and phosphates.[13] Japanese companies also showed interest in investing in Syria's oil and gas sector during the 1990s.[14]
The outbreak of the civil war disrupted these economic ties, and Japanese businesses suspended their operations in Syria. Due to the ongoing sanctions and instability, economic relations between Japan and Syria remain limited.[15]
Cultural relations
[edit]Japan and Syria have promoted cultural exchange programs to strengthen ties between the two countries. Before the Syrian Civil War, cultural events, such as Japanese art exhibitions,[16] film screenings,[17] and educational exchange programs, were regularly held in Damascus and other Syrian cities. The Japanese government has provided scholarships for Syrian students to study in Japan, promoting academic exchange between the two nations.[18]
Japanese non-governmental organizations, such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), have also organized language training and cultural activities in Syria, aiming to foster mutual understanding.[19]
Humanitarian assistance
[edit]Japan has been one of the significant contributors of humanitarian aid to Syria since the onset of the civil war. Japan provided billions humanitarian assistance to support Syrian refugees and internally displaced persons.[20] This assistance has been directed through the United Nations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and various non-governmental organizations.
Japanese aid has focused on providing basic necessities, healthcare, education, and psychological support to affected Syrians, as well as access to water, sanitation, and hygiene.[21][22] Japan has also funded reconstruction efforts in areas that have stabilized, with projects aimed at restoring access to clean water, healthcare facilities,[23] and housing.
See also
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Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
- ^ "Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic - About Us". Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
- ^ "????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????" [Countries where there is no diplomatic representation]. Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "Embassy of Syria in Tokyo". Embassy of The Syrian Arab Republic in Tokyo. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates, Syria. Archived from the original on 16 January 2025. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
- ^ "JICA's Activities in Syria". Japan International Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Statement by H.E. Ambassador YAMAZAKI Kazuyuki, Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations, at the United Nations Security Council Briefing on "Syria's Political & Humanitarian Situation"". Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations. 31 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Japan closes its embassy in Syria: Foreign Ministry". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 March 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Japan grants Syria $14.3m but has no plans to reopen embassy". Arab News. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Japan-Middle East Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Japan's Middle East Policy: Balancing Global and Regional Interests". Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. 11 (2). Taylor & Francis: 45–59. 2017. JSTOR 26156507. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Japan Adopts More Financial Sanctions on Syria". PanOrient News. 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ Shimizu, Hiroshi (2001). "The Mandatory Power and Japan's Trade Expansion into Syria in the Inter-War Period". Asian Survey. 41 (4). University of California Press: 564–581. JSTOR 4283058. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? - ???? ????" [Syrian-Japanese Business Council - General Overview]. Syrian-Japanese Business Council website. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "?????? ???????? ?????: ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????" [Japanese Ambassador to Damascus: We are closely following economic reforms in Syria]. Al-Thawra. 20 July 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Why Does Japan Reject Normalization with Assad and Take Firm Stances Against Him?". Al-Estiklal. Archived from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????" [Japanese exhibition at Dar Al-Baath]. Al-Thawra. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ ""?? ???? ??? ???????" ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????" ["From Damascus, this is Japan" a group film for Japanese language students]. Al-Binaa. Archived from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????" [The Ministry of Higher Education announces the Japanese government scholarship program]. Syrian Arab News Agency. 24 April 2024. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "JICA's Activities in Syria". Japan International Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original on 19 January 2025. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Japan's Foreign Policy that Takes a Panoramic Perspective of the World Map - Chapter Two: Syria". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2017. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Japan contributes US$7 million to bolster education, water, sanitation, and hygiene". UNICEF. 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "Japan contributes $2 million to help Syrian children and families cope amid harsh winter". UNICEF. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- ^ "WHO restores Syria's Nawa hospital thanks to Government of Japan contribution". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
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