贫血有什么危害

Simons' BASIC
BASIC program memory is reduced by the 8 KB used by the cartridge.
Original author(s)	David Simons
Developer(s)	Commodore
Initial release	1983 (1983)
Operating system	Commodore 64
Type	Extension

百度 今年的春天，比往年要来得迟些，而且气温也是升升降降极不稳定。

Simons' BASIC is an extension to BASIC 2.0 for the Commodore 64 home computer. Written by British programmer David Simons in 1983, who was 16 years old at the time, it was distributed by Commodore as a cartridge.

It is widely, but incorrectly, called "Simon's BASIC", because of confusion between the first name "Simon" and the surname "Simons".

Manual front page

Simons' BASIC cartridge

Cartridge with the misspelled label contributing to the software's naming confusion.

Features

Simons' BASIC added an array of features to Commodore BASIC 2.0:

• 114 additional keywords
• commands to ease the coding of sprites
• commands to ease the coding of high-resolution and multicolor graphics
• commands to ease the coding of sound
• commands to aid in structured programming
• keywords to assist in writing and editing BASIC programs, similar to those in the VIC-20 Programmer's Aid cartridge

Programs written in Simons' BASIC could employ hexadecimal numbers in assignments and calculations by including a $ prefix, or binary numbers by utilizing a % prefix.

Because a portion of the cartridge data is mapped into memory at addresses $8000–$9FFF, which overlaps part of the standard C64 BASIC RAM, the amount of available memory for BASIC programs was 8 KB less than that of a standard C64 configuration.

An extension was written by Simons and released by Commodore on floppy disk and tape as Simons' Basic Extension. This software is also known as Simons' Basic 2. It could not be released on cartridge because the original Simons' Basic cartridge had to be present in order to use the extension. Simons' Basic Extension adds another 91 commands including the much-coveted RENUMBER command which renumbers the destinations of GOTO and GOSUB statements.

The 114 keywords

Sprite (MOB) handling keywords

• MOB SET – enables a sprite and defines its attributes
• MMOB – positions a sprite on the screen
• RLOCMOB – causes a sprite to smoothly move from one location to another
• CMOB – sets up the two global colors for multicolor sprites
• MOB OFF – disables a sprite
• DETECT – initializes sprite collision detection
• CHECK – checks for a sprite collision

High resolution graphics handling keywords

• HIRES – initializes a high-resolution graphics mode
• MULTI – initializes a multicolor graphics mode
• NRM – returns to the text display
• LOW COL – changes the plotting colors
• HI COL – returns to the original plotting colors
• PLOT – draws a pixel
• LINE – draws a line
• CIRCLE – draws a circle
• ARC – draws an arc
• ANGL – draws the radius of a circle
• PAINT – performs a flood fill
• REC – draws a hollow rectangle
• BLOCK – draws a solid rectangle
• DRAW – draws a user-defined set of lines
• ROT – sets scaling factors for DRAW
• CHAR – plots a text character on a high-resolution screen
• TEXT – plots a text string on a high-resolution screen
• TEST – determines whether a pixel is plotted or empty

Other graphics handling keywords

• COLOUR – sets the background and border colors; the British spelling is used
• CSET – selects a character set
• MEM – copies character ROM to RAM
• BCKGNDS – configures extended background color mode
• FLASH – sets up a screen color to flash
• OFF – cancels a previous FLASH directive
• BFLASH – causes the screen border to flash
• FCHR – fills an area of the text screen with a given character code
• FCOL – changes character colors for a selected area of the screen
• FILL – a combination of FCHR and FCOL
• MOVE – copies a section of the screen
• INV – displays a screen area in reverse
• LEFT – scrolls the screen left
• RIGHT – scrolls the screen right
• UP – scrolls the screen up
• DOWN – scrolls the screen down
• GRAPHICS – reserved variable that always equals $D000 (the VIC-II chip's base address)
• SCRSV – saves a text screen to tape or disk
• SCRLD – loads a text screen from tape or disk

Sound handling keywords

• MUSIC – plays a series of notes based on the contents of a string variable
• PLAY – determines whether the program continues to run during MUSIC
• VOL – specifies the master sound volume
• WAVE – specifies a voice type
• ENVELOPE – sets ADSR parameters for a SID voice
• SOUND – reserved variable that always equals $D400 (the SID chip's base address)

Keyboard input handling keywords

• FETCH – takes user input with restrictions defined by the command
• INKEY – checks for a function key press
• ON KEY – checks for a given keypress, then performs a branch if present
• DISABLE – disables the previous ON KEY directive
• RESUME – reenables the previous ON KEY directive

Input peripheral handling keywords

• JOY – reads a joystick
• POT – reads a paddle
• PENX – reads the light pen's horizontal position
• PENY – reads the light pen's vertical position

Sprite/custom character definition keywords

• @ – describes one line in a sprite or custom character graphic
• DESIGN – uses neighbouring @ lines to define a sprite or custom character

Error trapping keywords

• ON ERROR – sets up a routine to trap error conditions
• OUT – ends an error handling routine
• NO ERROR – cancels ON ERROR and restores normal BASIC error handling

Disk handling keywords

• DIR – displays the disk directory without destroying the BASIC program in memory (Drive #8 only)
• DISK – sends a string to the disk drive's command channel (Drive #8 only)

Printer handling keywords

• HRDCPY – sends the text screen to the printer
• COPY – sends the high-resolution screen to the printer

String manipulation keywords

• INSERT – inserts one string into the middle of another (Note: There is no dollar sign after INSERT, unlike other string operators such as STR$, LEFT$, RIGHT$, etc.)
• INST – similar to INSERT, but overwrites rather than inserting. (Note: As with INSERT, there is no dollar sign after INST.)
• PLACE – searches for one string in the middle of another
• DUP – duplicates a character string a given number of times. (Note: As with INSERT, there is no dollar sign after DUP.)

Text formatting keywords

• PRINT AT – prints a string at a given screen location
• CENTRE – centers a character string on the screen; the British spelling is used
• USE – formats numeric data in strings based on a template, just like PRINT USING on other advanced versions of BASIC on other computers, e.g. the Commodore 128, for example.
• LIN – returns the vertical position of the cursor

Maths keywords

Note: These operations are restricted to values that fit into a 16-bit unsigned integer, instead of the full floating-point range used by the built-in BASIC arithmetic operations and functions.

• MOD – performs a division operation and returns the remainder
• DIV – performs a division operation and returns the integer quotient
• FRAC – isolates the fractional portion of a number
• EXOR – performs an exclusive-OR logical operation

Programmer's aid keywords

• AUTO – automatically generates line numbers as a BASIC program is entered
• RENUMBER – renumbers a BASIC program (but does not fix GOTO/GOSUB statements.)
• OLD – undeletes a program accidentally removed by the NEW command
• KEY – assigns a string as a macro to a function key
• DISPLAY – displays all function key macros
• MERGE – merges a BASIC program from tape or disk into the program currently in memory
• PAGE – displays a BASIC program listing in page format
• OPTION – highlights Simons' BASIC keywords when using the LIST command
• DELAY – varies the rate at which the LIST command scrolls the screen
• FIND – searches the program for a string
• TRACE – displays the line numbers as a program is running
• RETRACE – displays results of a trace
• DUMP – displays all variable values except for arrays
• COLD – resets the C64

Security-related keywords

• DISAPA – marks a BASIC program line for hiding
• SECURE – hides all lines marked with DISAPA so that they cannot be viewed with LIST

Structured programming keywords

• ELSE – allows an alternative branch for IF/THEN conditionals
• REPEAT – start of a REPEAT/UNTIL loop structure
• UNTIL – defines the loop condition for a REPEAT/UNTIL loop structure, and marks its end
• RCOMP – reinstates the most recently used IF/THEN/ELSE conditional
• LOOP – defines the start of a loop that will run until an EXIT IF conditional is true
• EXIT IF – the conditional is true, so it exits the current LOOP/END LOOP structure
• END LOOP – defines the end of a loop that will run until an EXIT IF conditional is true
• PROC – defines the start of a named subroutine
• END PROC – defines the end of a named subroutine
• CALL – jump to a named subroutine defined with PROC/END PROC, and stay there
• EXEC – call a named subroutine defined with PROC/END PROC, then return
• LOCAL – redefines variables for use in structures
• GLOBAL – reverses the effects of a previous LOCAL command

Miscellaneous keywords

• CGOTO – equivalent to GOTO, but accepts calculated expressions
• RESET – moves the DATA pointer to a given line number
• PAUSE – pauses program execution for a specified number of seconds

Other

• $ and % are also considered keywords, for a total of 114.

Trivia

The band Barcelona titled their 1999 debut album Simon Basic in tribute. The album includes the song "C-64".

Reception

Creative Computing stated that Simons' BASIC "almost makes the 64 into a new computer. (Probably the one it should have been in the first place.)" It praised the "very fine manual" as a contrast to Commodore's usually poor documentation, and predicted that it would become "the standard language for programming the machine … Commodore had better be planning to manufacture lots of copies because they will go fast". Ahoy! wrote "If you do any programming in BASIC and should happen to see this product on a dealer's shelf, do not ask any questions—do not hesitate—just buy it!" The magazine praised Simons' BASIC's power and "excellent manual", and stated that "its price makes it one of the biggest bargains available for the Commodore 64". RUN's review was less favorable, stating that its "many powerful and useful commands … were, unfortunately, implemented very poorly for a commercial package. There is very little command parameter checking, and many things have been overlooked or ignored."

The original SIMONS' BASIC cartridge (without the extension) has no provisions for reading the error channel on the Commodore 1541 and Commodore 1571 disk drives, nor can it perform a DIRectory listing of files or issue a DISK command on any disk drive other than Drive #8 when more than one disk drive is connected to the Commodore 64. And while most "standard" BASIC 2.0 keywords can be abbreviated by typing the first or first and second letters and then holding down the SHIFT key while typing the second (or third) letter after that, all SIMONS' BASIC keywords must be completely spelled out in full exactly as shown in the accompanying user's manual. This includes the commands COLOUR (which selects the background color and exterior border color), and CENTRE (which prints text message that are "centered" on the screen), both of which are spelled as in British English and are incorporated that way into SIMONS' BASIC.

External links

• Simons' Basic User Guide on Internet Archive by David Simons, Commodore Computers, 1983. Downloadable as PDF.
• Simons' Basic Italian Reference Guide by David Simons, Commodore Editor, 1983.
• Lemon64 Forum topic with some informal information from David Simons himself.