【本田CR-V汽车图片】东风本田
| Tai Tham | |
|---|---|
| Range | U+1A20..U+1AAF (144 code points) |
| Plane | BMP |
| Scripts | Tai Tham |
| Major alphabets | Tai Tham |
| Assigned | 127 code points |
| Unused | 17 reserved code points |
| Unicode version history | |
| 5.2 (2009) | 127 (+127) |
| Unicode documentation | |
| Code chart?∣?Web page | |
| Note: [1][2] | |
Tai Tham is a Unicode block containing characters of the Lanna script used for writing the Northern Thai (Kam Mu'ang), Tai Lü, and Khün languages.
| Tai Tham[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+1A2x | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| U+1A3x | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| U+1A4x | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| U+1A5x | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | |
| U+1A6x | ? | ? | ?? | ? | ? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ? | ? | ? |
| U+1A7x | ? | ? | ? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ||
| U+1A8x | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||||
| U+1A9x | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||||||
| U+1AAx | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
History
[edit]123 of the 127 code points initially encoded were proposed in L2/07-007R,[3] two more (U+1A5C and U+1A7C) in L2/08-037R2[4] and a final pair (U+1A5D and U+1A5E) in L2/08-073.[5] The last of these three documents modified the definitions of U+1A37 and U+1A38 given in the first of the three.
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Tai Tham block:
| Version | Final code points[a] | Count | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5.2[b] | U+1A20..1A5E, 1A60..1A7C, 1A7F..1A89, 1A90..1A99, 1AA0..1AAD | 127 | L2/99-245 | N2042 | Everson, Michael; McGowan, Rick (2025-08-06), Unicode Technical Report #3: Early Aramaic, Balti, Kirat (Limbu), Manipuri (Meitei) and Tai Lü scripts |
| X3L2/94-088 | N1013 | The Motion on the Coding of the Old Xishuang Banna Dai Writing, Entering into BMP of ISO/IEC 10646, 2025-08-06 | |||
| N1099 (pdf, doc) | The motion on coding of the Old Xishuang Banna Dai Writing Entering into BMP of ISO/IEC 10646, 2025-08-06 | ||||
| L2/04-351 | Hosken, Martin (2025-08-06), Lanna Unicode: A Draft Proposal | ||||
| L2/05-095R | Hosken, Martin (2025-08-06), Lanna Unicode: A Proposal | ||||
| L2/05-166 | Kourilsky, G.; Berment, V. (2025-08-06), Towards a Computerization of the Lao Tham System of Writing | ||||
| L2/05-188 | Hosken, Martin (2025-08-06), Lao Tham in Terms of Lanna: a response to L2/05-166 from L2/05-095 | ||||
| L2/06-258R | N3121R | Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2025-08-06), Proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS | |||
| L2/06-311 | N3159 | Tun, Ngwe (2025-08-06), Response to N3121R: Proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS | |||
| L2/06-319 | N3161 | Opinions on N3121-Lanna script, 2025-08-06 | |||
| L2/06-320 | N3169R | Chen, Zhuang; Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin; Wei, Lin-Mei (2025-08-06), Lanna ad-hoc report | |||
| N3153 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2025-08-06), "M49.17", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 49 AIST, Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan; 2025-08-06/29 | ||||
| L2/07-015 | Moore, Lisa (2025-08-06), "Lanna (C.17)", UTC #110 Minutes | ||||
| L2/07-007R | N3207 | Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin; Constable, Peter (2025-08-06), Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS | |||
| L2/07-101 | N3238 | Proposing on Encoding Old Tai Lue, 2025-08-06 | |||
| L2/07-098 | N3239 | Response to Chinese contribution N3238, "Proposing on Encoding Old Tai Lue", 2025-08-06 | |||
| N3353 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2025-08-06), "M51.2", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 51 Hanzhou, China; 2025-08-06/27 | ||||
| L2/07-118R2 | Moore, Lisa (2025-08-06), "111-C17", UTC #111 Minutes | ||||
| L2/07-268 | N3253 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2025-08-06), "M50.10", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 50, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany; 2025-08-06/27 | |||
| L2/07-307 | N3313 | Comments on Lanna encoding in FPDAM4, 2025-08-06 | |||
| L2/07-316 | N3342 | Hosken, Martin (2025-08-06), Response to N3313 | |||
| L2/07-319 | N3346 | Ad hoc report on Lanna, 2025-08-06 | |||
| L2/07-322 | N3349R | Everson, Michael (2025-08-06), "Tai Tham", Summary of repertoire for FPDAM 5 of ISO/IEC 10646:2003 and future amendments | |||
| L2/07-353 | Whistler, Ken (2025-08-06), "A. Lanna (FDAM 4 and FPDAM 5)", WG2 Consent Docket | ||||
| L2/07-345 | Moore, Lisa (2025-08-06), "Consensus 113-C10", UTC #113 Minutes | ||||
| L2/08-037R2 | N3379R2 | Constable, Peter (2025-08-06), Tai Tham Ad-hoc Meeting Report | |||
| L2/08-073 | N3384 | Hosken, Martin (2025-08-06), Tai Tham Subjoined Variants | |||
| L2/08-003 | Moore, Lisa (2025-08-06), "Tai Tham", UTC #114 Minutes | ||||
| L2/08-318 | N3453 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2025-08-06), "M52.2a", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 52 | |||
| L2/14-126R (pdf, appendices) | Pournader, Roozbeh (2025-08-06), Improvements requested for Unicode Indic properties [Affects U+1A55, 1A60, 1A80-1A89, and 1A90-1A99] | ||||
| L2/14-177 | Moore, Lisa (2025-08-06), "B.14.5 [Affects U+1A56-1A5E, 1A75-1A7C, and 1A7F]", UTC #140 Minutes | ||||
| L2/17-120 | Wordingham, Richard (2025-08-06), Corrections to the Indic Syllabic Category for the Tai Tham Script [Affects U+1A57, 1A5A-1A5E, 1A74, and 1A7A] | ||||
| L2/17-169 | Pournader, Roozbeh (2025-08-06), Proposed Indic Syllabic Category changes for Tai Tham for Unicode 10 [Affects U+1A57, 1A5A-1A5E, 1A74, and 1A7A] | ||||
| L2/17-103 | Moore, Lisa (2025-08-06), "B.14.9 [Affects U+1A57, 1A5A-1A5E, 1A74, and 1A7A]", UTC #151 Minutes | ||||
| L2/18-053 | Pournader, Roozbeh (2025-08-06), New Indic Syllabic Category Consonant_Initial_Postfixed [Affects U+1A5A] | ||||
| L2/18-007 | Moore, Lisa (2025-08-06), "B.14.7 [Affects U+1A5A]", UTC #154 Minutes | ||||
| L2/18-171 | Wordingham, Richard (2025-08-06), Positioning of Tai Tham Vowels Below [Affects U+1A69 and 1A6A] | ||||
| L2/18-241 | Anderson, Deborah; et al. (2025-08-06), "15. Tai Tham [Affects 1A69 and 1A6A]", Recommendations to UTC # 156 July 2018 on Script Proposals | ||||
| L2/18-183 | Moore, Lisa (2025-08-06), "D.12 Positioning of Tai Tham vowels below [Affects U+1A69 and 1A6A]", UTC #156 Minutes | ||||
Encoding of Subscript Consonants
[edit]Base and subscript consonants have different encodings because words such as ???? and ??? are different in both appearance and sound. Subscript consonants are encoded as a sequence of 2 characters. The second is the base character and the first is the special character U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT.[3]:?Section 2?
If a consonant has two subscript forms and the choice affects the meaning, the form typically used for syllable-final consonants will be encoded with SAKOT, and the other form will have its own code point. There are 7 consonants which have different subscript forms in this way, namely ? RA, ? LA, ? BA, ? HIGH SA, ? MA, ? HIGH RATA, and ? LOW PA.
??? (Northern Thai pronunciation: [k?u?]) is encoded as <U+1A23 LOW KA, U+1A55 MEDIAL RA, U+1A6A SIGN UU> but ???? (IPA: [ka?n]) is encoded as <U+1A20 HIGH KA, U+1A63 SIGN AA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A41 RA>[3]:?Section 4?
???? (IPA: [si?n]) is encoded as <U+1A46 HIGH SHA, U+1A66 SIGN II, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A43 LA>[3]:?Section 14.5? but ??? (IPA: [pi?]) is encoded as <U+1A38 HIGH PA, U+1A56 MEDIAL LA, U+1A66 SIGN II>.[3]:?Section 4? (For the use of LA as a syllable final letter, compare ???????[3]:?Section 4? (Northern Thai pronunciation: [lat tha ba?n]).
U+1A57 SIGN LA TANG LAI looks like <U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A43 LA> but is in origin a ligature of it with <U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A26 NGA>. Tai Lue uses it to write the word ????? (IPA: [ta? la?i]).[6]
??? (IPA: [k?? b??])is encoded as <U+1A23 LOW KA, U+1A5D SIGN BA, U+1A74 MAI KANG>, but ???? (IPA: [kap]) is encoded as <U+1A20 HIGH KA, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A37 BA> and ?????? (IPA: [kap]) is encoded as <U+1A20 HIGH KA, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A37 BA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A37 BA, U+1A7A RA HAAM>
- In the final proposal,[3]:?1? which the Unicode Consortium accepted that what is now SIGN BA (as in ???) would be encoded as <SAKOT, BA> and what is now <SAKOT, BA> (as in ????) should be encoded as <SAKOT, HIGH PA>, but during the ISO process the meaning of <SAKOT, BA> changed[5] and SIGN BA was added. However, the original meaning of <SAKOT, HIGH PA> remains for words from Thai that have ? as a syllable-final consonant. (This proposal mistakenly calls <SAKOT, HIGH PA> <SAKOT, HIGH PHA>.)
Pali uses HIGH PA instead of BA in Laos and northeast Thailand. One should therefore be prepared to find <SAKOT, BA> encoded as <U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A38 HIGH PA> in Pali.
Tai Khuen has two ways of writing subscript HIGH SA. They are not interchangeable. In Tai Khuen, to write ??? is correct and to write ???? is wrong,[5] but to write ????????? is correct while to write ???????? is wrong! ??? is encoded as <U+1A43 LA, U+1A6E SIGN E, U+1A5E SIGN SA> while the incorrect ???? is encoded as <U+1A43 LA, U+1A6E SIGN E, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A48 HIGH SA>.
Tai Khuen has an additional way of writing subscript MA. There is a special codepoint for this additional method[4]:?Item 9? The word which Northern Thai writes as ????? is written in Tai Khuen both as ????? encoded as <U+1A35 LOW THA, U+1A3E MA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3E MA, U+1A7C KARAN> and as ???? encoded as <U+1A35 LOW THA, U+1A3E MA, U+1A5C SIGN MA, U+1A7C KARAN>.
There are two ways of writing the subscript for both HIGH RATHA and LOW PA. ?????[7]:?368? is encoded as <U+1A36 NA, U+1A65 SIGN I, U+1A23 LOW KA, U+1A31 RANA, U+1A5B SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA>: ???????[3]:?3? is encoded <U+1A41 RA, U+1A63 SIGN AA, U+1A29 LOW CA, U+1A3D LOW PHA, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A2E HIGH RATHA>. ?????? is encoded as <U+1A36 NA, U+1A65 SIGN I, U+1A3B LOW PA, U+1A5B SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA, U+1A63 SIGN AA, U+1A36 NA>: ???? is encoded as <U+1A34 LOW TA, U+1A6E SIGN E, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3B LOW PA>. The latter word is also written as ????. The Lao-style consonant conjunct ??? (encoded as <U+1A32 HIGH TA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A33 HIGH THA>) looks as though it is ?? encoded as <U+1A32 HIGH TA, U+1A5B SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA>. The shape of U+1A5B depends upon the consonant it is subscript to.
The dependent vowel of words like ??? 'flower' is encoded by the special vowel <U+1A6C SIGN OA BELOW>; one should not use the sequence <U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A4B LETTER A> There is also an encoded dependent vowel for words like Tai Khuen, Tai Lue and Lao words such as ???, namely U+1A6D SIGN OY. This vowel is not encoded as <U+1A6C SIGN OA BELOW, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3F LOW YA> (which is what Northern Thai uses for the corresponding words; nor is it the sequence <U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A40 HIGH YA>[3]?:?Section 5?
Superscript Consonants
[edit]Superscript consonants are encoded independently of the base consonants. Some characters serve both as superscript consonants and in other roles, and are therefore discussed further in this section.
Niggahita and is encoded as U+1A74 MAI KANG. Superscript WA is not encoded separately. It is encoded as MAI KANG. For example, Tai Khuen ???? (IPA: [deu]) is encoded as <U+1A2, DA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3F LOW YA, U+1A74 MAI KANG>. For the purposes of character sequencing, it is generally treated as a vowel.
Superscript cluster-initial NGA is encoded as U+1A58 MAI KANG LAI. Note that Lao generally uses the same glyph for MAI KANG LAI and U+1A59 SIGN FINAL NGA.
U+1A62 MAI SAT serves three roles - it is a vowel, a final consonant, and a vowel shortener.
Choosing the encoding of the superscript form of RA and the vowel killers was difficult. In the 1940s the Tai Khuen wrote the consonant and the vowel killer the same way. The proposers of the encoding made enquiries and were told that the glyphs were still the same and therefore encoded them both as U+1A7A RA HAAM. It was then learnt that the Tai Khuen had changed the glyphs of the vowel killer, and a new character U+1A7C KARAN was added for the Tai Khuen style of the vowel killer. Some Northern Thai writers prefer to use U+1A7C as the vowel killer, and indeed the use of its glyph is not unknown in Northern Thai handwriting.
Special Consonants
[edit]The special forms ? and ? are encoded by the code points U+1A53 and U+1A55 respectively.
If the glyphs of U+1A36 NA and U+1A63 SIGN AA would be side by side they are written as the ligature ?? rather than as two separate glyphs ???. They are written as a ligature even if the NA has a subscript consonant or a non-following mark attached. Examples: ????? (IPA: [man ta?], encoding <U+1A3E MA, U+1A36 NA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A32 HIGH TA, U+1A63 SIGN AA>) and ???? (IPA: [nau], encoding <U+1A36 NA, 1A6E SIGN E, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A63 SIGN AA>). Subscript NA and SIGN AA do not similarly ligate, e.g. ???? ((IPA: [na?]), encoded <U+1A49 HIGH HA, U+1A60 SAKOT, 1A36 NA, U+1A63 SIGN AA>)
The geminate consonant ? is encoded separately because the word ?????? (Northern Thai pronunciation: [wise?t], encoding <U+1A45 WA, U+1A65 SIGN I, U+1A48 HIGH SA, U+1A6E SIGN E, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A48 HIGH SA>) has an appearance very different from ????, but one may have occasion to fold the final syllable to <HIGH SA, SAKOT, HIGH SA, SIGN E>. Indeed, in 2019 to 2020 there was a campaign to establish the latter as its standard spelling.
By contrast, the geminate consonant ??? is encoded as the conjunct <U+1A2C NYA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A2C NYA>, even though some of its glyphs may resemble the hypothetical conjunct ??? <U+1A31 RANA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A2C NYA>.
Independent Vowels
[edit]The independent vowel ? and the consonant ? are the same character, U+1A4B.
The independent vowel ?? and the sequence of the consonant ? and dependent vowel ? have the same appearance ?? and are therefore both encoded <U+1A20 LETTER A, U+1A63 SIGN AA>.
Northern Thai uses 5 independent vowels with their own code points, namely ?, ?, ?, ? and ?.[3]:?Section 3?
In Northern Thai the 8th independent vowel is no different from the sequence of the consonant ? and dependent vowel ?, i.e. ??, and they are therefore both encoded <U+1A4B LETTER A, U+1A70 SIGN OO>. Other languages use a distinct character ? U+1A52 LETTER OO for the independent vowel.
Character Order within Text
[edit]The encoding proposal[3] defined the ordering of Unicode characters.
Like the way of writing Burmese, Khmer, and Indian languages, Unicode characters are ordered according to the order of the sounds except in special cases[9] or if 2 sounds combine into a single sound and then one uses the old order. This order is usually as in Siamese. If the sound does not have an order then one uses the visual order or a special alternative order.
There are special rules for:
- (a) The ordering of vowels
- (b) The writing of mai kia in all its variants
- (c) Th writing of mai kua in all its variants
- (d) The writing of mai kam
- (e) The writing of tone marks
The ordering of Unicode characters for consonants and vowels is: onset letters, true vowel marks, coda consonants, onset letters, true vowel marks, coda consonants.[3]:?Section 14? For convenience, one reckons that symbols killing vowels are vowels.
The 'onset letters' are consonants, independent vowels or special symbols. The consonants in a group are ordered according to the order in which they are sounded or used to be sounded.
Example: ????? (Northern Thai pronunciation: [put tha?])
- onset letter: ?
- pure vowel: ?
- final 'consonant': ?
- onset letter: ?
- pure vowel: no symbol
- final consonant: none
The encoding is <U+1A3B LOW PA, U+1A69 SIGN U, U+1A34 LOW TA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A35 LOW THA>
Example: ?? has a single consonant sound Northern Thai pronunciation: [p?], but formerly had 2 sounds, namely those of ? and then ? as in central Thai. This word is encoded as <LOW PA, MEDIAL RA>.
Apart from MEDIAL RA, the order of the consonant glyphs is the same as the order of the sounds. In most cases MEDIAL RA is the last consonant but the WA of /ua/ and the LOW YA of /ia/ follow MEDIAL RA.
Examples:
- ??????? is encoded <U+1A46 HIGH SHA, U+1A63 SIGN AA, U+1A48 HIGH SA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A32 HIGH TA, U+1A55 MEDIAL RA, U+1A7A RA HAAM>.
- ?????? is encoded <U+1A20 HIGH KA, U+1A55 MEDIAL RA, U+1A48 HIGH SA, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A32 HIGH TA>.
- ????? is encoded <U+1A48 HIGH SA, U+1A55 MEDIAL RA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A45 WA, U+1A3E MA>.
- But ?????? (Northern Thai pronunciation: [t?a n??m])[7]:?269? is encoded <U+1A32 HIGH TA, U+1A55 MEDIAL RA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A36 NA, U+1A6C SIGN OA BELOW, U+1A3E MA>
For words like ????? there is the rule that symbols for vowels and tones have the order:[3]:?Section 5 first part, 5.3 and 13?
- (1) leading vowels
- (2) vowels below (top to bottom)
- (3) vowels above (bottom to top)
- (4) tone marks (left to right)
- (5) trailing vowels (left to right)
In the application of these rules, MAI KANG is reckoned as a vowel even though it function as niggahita or as a consonant. The Unicode character MAI SAT is reckoned as a vowel even though it function as a consonant, i.e as mai kak, i.e. as a final consonant or function as a vowel shortener as in ?????.
The relative ordering of the marks above and below should follow Thai and Lao as in ???? ????? ??? and ???.
Examples:
- ????? is encoded as <U+1A27 HIGH CA, U+1A6E SIGN E, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A76 TONE-2, U+1A63 SIGN AA>[3]:?Section 5 no. 29?
- ??? (IPA: [ma?k]) is encoded as <U+1A3E MA, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A63 SIGN AA>
- ??? (IPA: [lu?k]) is encoded as <U+1A43 LA, U+1A6A SIGN UU, U+1A62 MAI SAT>
- ???? is encoded as <U+1A36 NA, U+1A6E SIGN E, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A63 SIGN AA>
- ????????? (Northern Thai pronunciation: [on tha? la?i]) is encoded as <U+1A4B LETTER A, U+1A6B SIGN O, U+1A36 NA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A32 HIGH TA, U+1A55 MEDIAL RA, U+1A63 SIGN AA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3F LOW YA>
For /ia/ and /ua/ in all their forms, subscript LOW YA and WA are reckoned as onset consonants.[3]:?Section 14.3?
Examples:
- ???? is actually encoded <U+1A48 HIGH SA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3F LOW YA, U+1A6E SIGN E>[3]:?Section 5 No. 33?
- ??????? is actually encoded <U+1A38 HIGH PA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A43 LA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3F LOW YA, U+1A75 TONE-1, U+1A41 RA>[3]:?Section 14.9?
- ???? is actually encoded <U+1A32 HIGH TA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A45 WA, U+1A6B SIGN O>[3]:?Section 14.3?
- ????? is actually encoded <U+1A48 HIGH SA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A45 WA, U+1A75 TONE-1, U+1A41 RA>
- ??????? is actually encoded as <U+1A20 KA, U+1A56 MEDIAL LA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A45 WA, U+1A76 TONE-2, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3F LOW YA>
- (<U+1A60, U+1A76> is canonically equivalent to <U+1A76, U+1A60>)
Outside Northern Thailand, the MAI KANG in the symbol for /am/ is written on the SIGN AA component. In Northern Thailand, it is positioned variously – on the consonant, on the SIGN AA and between them. The Unicode Consortium refused a special character for the combination. The word ?????? (Northern Thai pronunciation: [b??ma?]) should not appear to have the same vowel as ???? (IPA: [tam]). The combination for /am/ is therefore encoded as <U+1A63 SIGN AA, U+1A74 MAI KANG>. The word ?????? is encoded as <U+1A37 BA, U+1A74 MAI KANG, U+1A75 TONE-1, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3E MA, U+1A63 SIGN AA>. The word ???? is encoded as <U+1A32 HIGH TA, U+1A75 TONE-1, U+1A63 SIGN AA, U+1A74 MAI KANG>. The combination for /am/ with SIGN TALL AA is encoded as <U+1A64 SIGN TALL AA, U+1A74 MAI KANG>.
U+1A5A SIGN LOW PA is a special case; the Tai Lue word ??? (IPA: [kap pha?]) is encoded as <U+1A23 LOW KA, U+1A3D LOW PHA, U+1A5A SIGN LOW PA>.[3]:?Section 4?
Examples showing mai kang lai and la tang lai:
- Pali word ????? (sa?gho) is encoded <U+1A48 SA, U+1A58 MAI KANG LAI, U+1A25 LOW KHA, U+1A6E SIGN E, U+1A63 SIGN AA>.
- Northern Thai word ??????? (Northern Thai pronunciation: [ta? la?i]) is encoded <U+1A34 LOW TA, U+1A58 MAI KANG LAI, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A43 LA, U+1A63 SIGN AA, U+1A60 SAKOT, U+1A3F LOW YA>.
- Tai Lue word ???? (Tai Lue pronunciation: [ta? la?i]) is encoded <U+1A34 LOW TA, U+1A62 MAI SAT, U+1A57 LA TANG LAI, U+1A63 SIGN AA>.
External links
[edit]- Chew, P., Saengboon, P., & Wordingham, R. (2015). "Tai Tham: A Hybrid Script that Challenges Current Encoding Models". Presented at the Internationalization and Unicode Conference (IUC 39).
References
[edit]- ^ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin; Constable, Peter (21 March 2007). "Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.
- ^ a b "Tai Tham Ad-hoc Meeting Report (WG2 N3379)" (PDF). Unicode. 22 January 2008.
- ^ a b c Hosken, Martin (28 January 2008). "Tai Tham Subjoined Variants" (PDF). Unicode.
- ^ Khotsimeuang, Veomany. "Tai Lue: Complex Orthographic Rules: Graphic Blends(I)". SEAsite. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
- ^ a b Rungruengsi, Udom (January 2004). Lanna-Thai Dictionary: Maefahluang Edition ??????????????? ~ ???: ?????????????? (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University. ISBN 974-685-175-6.
- ^ Read as COENG i.e. U+17D2 KHMER SIGN COENG
- ^ "The encoding model for Lanna is similar to that for Myanmar and Khmer, using a CEONG[8]-like character plus some combining medial-consonant characters."[3]:?Section 14?