F* (programming language)

F*
F*
	The official F* logo
Paradigm	Multi-paradigm: functional, imperative
Family	ML: Caml: OCaml
Designed by	Nikhil Swamy, Juan Chen, Cédric Fournet, Pierre-Yves Strub, Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Jean Yang
Developers	Microsoft Research,; Inria
First appeared	2011; 14 years ago
Stable release	v2025.03.25 / 26 March 2025; 4 months ago
Typing discipline	dependent, inferred, static, strong
Implementation language	F*
OS	Cross-platform: Linux, macOS, Windows
License	Apache 2.0
Filename extensions	.fst
Website	fstar-lang.org
Influenced by
	Dafny, F#, Lean, OCaml, Rocq, Standard ML

百度（本报记者周松林）+1

F* (pronounced F star) is a high-level, multi-paradigm, functional and object-oriented programming language inspired by the languages ML, Caml, and OCaml, and intended for program verification. It is a joint project of Microsoft Research, and the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Inria).^[1] Its type system includes dependent types, monadic effects, and refinement types. This allows expressing precise specifications for programs, including functional correctness and security properties. The F* type-checker aims to prove that programs meet their specifications using a combination of satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solving and manual proofs. For execution, programs written in F* can be translated to OCaml, F#, C, WebAssembly (via KaRaMeL tool), or assembly language (via Vale toolchain). Prior F* versions could also be translated to JavaScript.

It was introduced in 2011.^[3]^[4] and is under active development on GitHub.^[2]

History

Versions

Until version 2022.03.24, F* was written entirely in a common subset of F* and F# and supported bootstrapping in both OCaml and F#. This was dropped starting in version 2022.04.02.^[5]^[6]

Overview

Operators

F* supports common arithmetic operators such as +, -, *, and /. Also, F* supports relational operators like <, <=, ==, !=, >, and >=.^[7]

Data types

Common primitive data types in F* are bool, int, float, char, and unit.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b "Microsoft Research Inria Joint Centre". MSR-INRIA.
^ ^a ^b "FStarLang/FStar". GitHub. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
^ Swamy, Nikhil; Chen, Juan; Fournet, Cédric; Strub, Pierre-Yves; Bhargavan, Karthikeyan; Yang, Jean (September 2011). Secure distributed programming with value-dependent types. ICFP '11: Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming. Vol. 46. Tokyo, Japan: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 266–278. doi:10.1145/2034574.2034811. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ "The F* Project". Microsoft. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ "fstar.exe is no longer buildable in F# as a .NET executable #2512". Github. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ "Consider dropping requirement that F* code has to be valid F# #1737". Github. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b Swamy, Nikhil; Martínez, Guido; Rastogi, Aseem (Jan 14, 2024). Proof-Oriented Programming in F* (PDF).

Sources

Ahman, Danel; Hri?cu, C?t?lin; Maillard, Kenji; Martínez, Guido; Plotkin, Gordon; Protzenko, Jonathan; Rastogi, Aseem; Swamy, Nikhil (2017). "Dijkstra Monads for Free". 44nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
Swamy, Nikhil; Hri?cu, C?t?lin; Keller, Chantal; Rastogi, Aseem; Delignat-Lavaud, Antoine; Forest, Simon; Bhargavan, Karthikeyan; Fournet, Cédric; Strub, Pierre-Yves; Kohlweiss, Markulf; Zinzindohoue, Jean-Karim; Zanella-Béguelin, Santiago (2016). "Dependent Types and Multi-Monadic Effects in F*". 43nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
Swamy, Nikhil; Martínez, Guido; Rastogi, Aseem (2024). Proof-Orented Programming in F*.

External links

[MS-Inria-1] "Microsoft Research Inria Joint Centre". MSR-INRIA.

[GitHubCode-2] "FStarLang/FStar". GitHub. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

[origin-paper-3] Swamy, Nikhil; Chen, Juan; Fournet, Cédric; Strub, Pierre-Yves; Bhargavan, Karthikeyan; Yang, Jean (September 2011). Secure distributed programming with value-dependent types. ICFP '11: Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming. Vol. 46. Tokyo, Japan: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 266–278. doi:10.1145/2034574.2034811. Retrieved 17 April 2023.

[4] "The F* Project". Microsoft. Retrieved 20 April 2023.

[5] "fstar.exe is no longer buildable in F# as a .NET executable #2512". Github. Retrieved 17 April 2023.

[6] "Consider dropping requirement that F* code has to be valid F# #1737". Github. Retrieved 17 April 2023.

[:0-7] Swamy, Nikhil; Martínez, Guido; Rastogi, Aseem (Jan 14, 2024). Proof-Oriented Programming in F* (PDF).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

抹茶色是什么颜色	羡字五行属什么	美丽的邂逅是什么意思	什么是创业板股票	ib是什么意思
鹦鹉叫什么名字好听	伤口发痒是什么原因	gd是什么意思	吹胡子瞪眼是什么意思	做梦梦到屎什么意思
前列腺钙化是什么意思	1117什么星座	狐臭手术挂什么科	什么是高筋面粉	田鸡是什么
龟头瘙痒是什么原因	怀孕的最佳时间是什么时候	水瓶座有什么特点	人为什么会打嗝	声线是什么意思

nsaid是什么药hcv8jop7ns1r.cn	脑彩超能检查出什么hcv9jop3ns9r.cn	身上长水泡是什么原因hcv8jop7ns7r.cn	男孩长虎牙预示什么hcv7jop6ns0r.cn	农历五月二十是什么星座hcv8jop9ns3r.cn
阴阳脸是什么意思hcv7jop9ns3r.cn	吃什么养心hcv8jop6ns1r.cn	玳瑁色是什么颜色hcv8jop0ns7r.cn	烤冷面的面皮是什么面hcv7jop9ns6r.cn	欢子真名叫什么bjhyzcsm.com
神昏谵语是什么意思hcv7jop9ns9r.cn	散瞳什么意思xinmaowt.com	屈光度是什么意思hcv9jop3ns2r.cn	otto是什么意思hcv9jop3ns6r.cn	维生素B3叫什么名字hcv8jop7ns1r.cn
磨牙是什么原因引起的如何治疗hcv7jop9ns8r.cn	蛇盘疮吃什么药hcv9jop1ns1r.cn	value是什么意思hcv8jop9ns3r.cn	咖啡有什么好处和坏处hcv9jop0ns8r.cn	什么食物黄体酮含量高0735v.com